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In Memoriam: Robert Paul Wolff (1933-2025)

Brian Leiter

MOVING TO FRONT FROM JANUARY 7–UPDATED

I was sorry to learn that Professor Wolff died last night.  He was, of course, well-known to readers of this blog for his many trenchant insights into contemporary events, to which I often linked, as well as his fascinating autobiography, to which we linked often a decade ago.  Professor Wolff began his career as a Kant scholar, but became best-known as a political philosopher, with his classic defense of anarchism in 1970, and books on Marx and Rawls, among other figures and topics.  He taught at the University of Chicago, Columbia University and, for most of his career, the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, first in the Philosophy Department and then in the Afro-American Studies Department.  Comments are open for remembrances from those who knew Professor Wolff, or for those who wish to comment on the significance of his work.  I am, as it happens, teaching Marx later this afternoon (a subject on which I learned much from Professor Wolff), but will add some comments of my own in the coming days.

UPDATE:  An informative obituary here.

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32 responses to “In Memoriam: Robert Paul Wolff (1933-2025)”

  1. s. wallerstein

    First of all, my condolences to his family, to his wife Susan and to his sons Tobias and Patrick.

    Second, someone in his blog, The Philosophers Stone, comments that it would be a good idea to select Professor Wolff's best blog posts over the years and maybe post them in a website or even publish them. I second that motion.

    Finally, I want to mention the chief lesson, among many wise lessons, I learned from participating in his blog for almost 10 years. Professor Wolff remarks that there is no ultimate justification for one's political position, that one has to decide which side one is on. That's very true.

    Thank you, Professor Wolff, for your wisdom and also your immense learning.

    Reply
  2. Brian

    Robert Paul Wolff was a friend of my friend Todd Gitlin. In 2018, Todd invited him to co-teach a class at Columbia, and Woolf, at the age of 85, flew up from North Carolina once a week, delivered a polished lecture, joined Todd for lunch at a Jewish/Chinese "bagel and dumpling" restaurant that evidently charmed him, and flew back home to his wife. I had the impression that just as the Japanese painter Katsushika Hokusai called himself an "old man mad about art," Woolf might have called himself an old man mad about teaching. He'll be missed.

    Reply
  3. Howard

    Professor Wolff was a great man as well as a great philosopher. He was kind enough to remember me from Harvard Summer School even though I was far from a great student. He is a comrade even though I'm another endangered species a New Deal Democrat. It's too bad he's no longer here for the struggle ahead.
    He made a huge difference for many people's lives.

    Reply
  4. Charles Pigden

    Well here is a tribute from someone who never met him in the flesh but felt that I knew him well from his writings and in particular his blog.

    Sad that he is dead and condolences to his family (including his amazingly gifted sons) but let us celebrate a long life well-lived. He was a consistently intelligent and interesting philosopher (and a lot more widely read and cultured than most) and his philosophical blog was one of the best in the business. Even when he was wrong – and I had the temerity to debate with him from time to time – his opinions were always intelligent and well-motivated which is more than you can say for many philosophers. He also showed that you can combine voracious reading and high culture –including classical music and specifically opera – with a deep and seemingly encyclopaedic knowledge of movies and TV. His breadth of reference was one of the things which made his blog so much FUN. He was also a counterexample to the murderer’s generalisation in Richard III: talkers are no good doers. He was of course a brilliant talker and writer but also an effective activist raising enormous amounts of money for good causes.

    He burned with a very bright flame for a very long time. He was a paradigm of how to be a philosopher and how to be a human being.

    Reply
  5. tom llewellyn

    I read his blog regularly, and profited much from his insights. I was lucky enough to hear him speak in person in Lexington, KY in the early 1990s. R.I.P., kind and brilliant person!

    Reply
  6. Dean C. Rowan

    I suppose at some level I expected to read this news, nevertheless it is sad. Just a week or two ago I recommended In Defense of Anarchism to interested readers.

    Reply
  7. Jeremie Jenkins

    I started following Professor Wolff's blog when links to his autobiography began to appear here. His engagement, charitability, and intellectual fortitude is well-demonstrated across his posts and comments to that forum. I will leave it to the experts to comment on his academic work, but here is one charming anecdote that demonstrates who Professor Wolff's generous nature:

    Several years back, Professor Wolff became frustrated, and later annoyed, with all the pseudonymous posts to his blog. He explained that it felt uncanny and alienating to send his thoughts and ideas out into the blogosphere and then be expected to engage with impersonal internet handles on matters about which he cared deeply. So, at his suggestion, I wrote him an email where I introduced myself and explained the reasons for posting under a pseudonym. He responded graciously, told me a story about his son teaching at the law school I attended, and advised that he would remember "me" every time he saw my pseudonym in the comments. That was a big deal to me then, and it is still, now.

    Also, his paper on "The Future of Socialism" is fascinating and available online here: https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/sulr/vol35/iss4/15/. If you are interested in the topic, do check it out.

    Reply
  8. John Rapko

    I started reading Robert Paul Wolff's blog probably in 2016 (the earliest posts that I can remember related to the Bernie Sanders campaign), and have at least looked at it almost every day since. I can't think of anyone close to Wolff in combining philosophical penetration, wide-ranging interests, humaneness, and communicability. I hope someone will put together a volume of selected posts, perhaps along with the selected comments of s. wallerstein and others. Reading the blog also revivified a sense of how important Wolff's works were to me early on. I started taking philosophy classes at the local university when I was in high school, but the first class that really stuck with me was at age 18 a paragraph-by-paragraph reading and collective analysis of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason taught by the recently deceased Jim Friedman. I read it along with Norman Kemp Smith's commentary and Wolff's Kant's Theory of Mental Activity. It worked, and was a real foundation to philosophical seriousness. And an early reading of Wolff's The Poverty of Liberalism, along with some of Alasdair MacIntyre, permanently inoculated me against the temptations of that malign political philosophy. In honor of Wolff and his love of his second home in Paris, Rimbaud and I say "Salut à lui, chaque fois que chante le coq gaulois."

    Reply
  9. Bill Edmundson

    A long life that grew ever more exemplary. Bob's insatiable intelligence and energy might have powered a less estimable character than his. I will remember him as proof that it is possible to live both admirably and well.

    Reply
  10. LFC

    As a longtime reader of (and commenter on) Prof. Wolff's blog, I think it greatly enriched the blogosphere. I did not always agree with him but he was always worth reading. As I mentioned over at his blog, I think one of the things he would want people to remember, in addition to everything that's already been said here, is his connection to South Africa and the college scholarship fund for South African students that he founded.

    Reply
  11. Matthew Duvalier

    I met Professor Wolff ten years ago, during my first year as a doctoral student in the philosophy department at UNC Chapel Hill. He was teaching a course on the work of Karl Marx in the Spring of 2015. Due to a family emergency I abruptly left the program at the end of my first year and returned home. When Professor Wolff learned that I would be leaving the philosophy program at Chapel Hill, he reached out to me and offered to mentor me in philosophy for as long as I was out of formal schooling.

    Over the next year and a half, Professor Wolff guided me through a series of philosophy texts, and had me write papers at various points. He read all of my papers and gave me extensive feedback. He also purchased and sent every single book that we worked through. In addition to all of this, he was constantly in communication with me, and he let me write to him or call him to talk with him about anything.

    I eventually enrolled in the philosophy department at UC Berkeley, and then later enrolled into the Logic Group, as my interests were shifting from the philosophy of religion to mathematical logic. Still, during my time at Berkeley, he answered all of my emails I had for him about philosophy or advice, or anything else. Over the years I have had so much to ask him about so many things, and he was always so generous with his insights and wisdom.

    At some point, overwhelmed with how kind he had been to me, I reached out and asked him if there was anything I could ever do to repay him for his generosity. He told me that there was something that I must do, and that it was very important: he said that I must "pay it forward."

    This semester I am completing my PhD in the Logic Group at UC Berkeley. If Professor Wolff had not intervened in 2015, my academic journey would have ended back then. I had dedicated my dissertation to him and I was so looking forward to sending him a physical copy. Professor Wolff was the greatest teacher and mentor I have ever had in my entire life, and I will miss him so much

    Reply
  12. praymont

    I learned much from Professor Wolff's blog. Here's a quote from his post on Feb. 24, 2017: "The great members of the Frankfurt School – Adorno, Horkheimer, Arendt, Marcuse, Fromm, Benjamin, and the rest – did their most important work struggling to make sense of the collapse of the Weimar Republic and the rise of Nazism. In this undertaking, they brought to bear both the insights into structural features of capitalist society afforded by Marx and the deep understanding of the non-rational sources of individual human behavior provided by Freud. The effort to wed Marx and Freud produced such classic works as Marcuse’s Eros and Civilization [with its brilliant concept, surplus repression] and One-Dimensional Man, Adorno and Horkheimer’s The Authoritarian Personality, and Arendt’s Origins of Totalitarianism. We now confront the sickening reality that fascism is come to America. Each of us is tasked to do whatever he or she can to resist this home-grown twenty-first century variant of the defining evil of the twentieth century."

    He imparted to youth lessons on how to be strong and not despair. RIP, Professor Wolff.

    Reply
  13. Adrian Bardon

    I was a grad student at UMass when Bob was there. We had some great talks and he advised me on teaching social and political philosophy. Yet I had already been a fan before that, as his work on Kant had been the breakthrough for me as an undergrad writing a thesis… Taught several of his books over the years. Bob was a great thinker, teacher, and a terrific and clear-sighted commentator on society and politics. His blog has been so good. He will really be missed.

    Reply
  14. Charles Perkins

    Prof. Wolff was one of my favorite people and a tremendous role model. In his retirement, he taught occasionally at UNC Chapel Hill, and I was fortunate enough to take a class of his on Marx's _Capital_ in 2015. It was one of the most challenging and rewarding courses I have ever had. I remember going to his office hours, which he had in the bakery/ coffee shop area at his retirement community. When I sat down with him to talk about my paper, the first thing he said was, "What can I get you?" and he bought me a poppy seed muffin. We then had a still memorable conversation about how we both hated Whole Foods; I was trying to write some kind of cultural criticism paper about how overly curated the produce was. That project didn't pan out, but his support and discussion were invaluable. I ended up writing another, less-ambitious paper that helped me get a foot through the door of Marxist philosophy. Another time I bothered him about a paper I had written on Marx and John Dewey. I was playing Marx/ Dewey against one another, but not saying anything very interesting. He hit me with a brutally honest, but incredibly memorable line: "This paper would make a good journal article, but that's why I don't read journals anymore." This connected with a longer talk about how the purpose of philosophy is to say something about the world and how it is better not to focus on how many citations one has or how many papers one can put out; etc. This made a profound impression on me. I think about what Prof. Wolff said that day during the highest highs and the lowest lows of my career. In his lectures, Prof. Wolff talked about how Marx had an incredibly sophisticated classical education that no one has anymore. I fear that with his passing, there is an incredible blend of intellectual humility, integrity, and passion that we may not see all at once in one person for a very long time.

    Reply
  15. Ed Barreras

    I was one of the many who found consolation in Professor Wolff's prolific blogging during the first Trump term. Now we're about to relive that horrific nightmare, only this time without Professor Wolff's wise and trenchant perspective. What is more depressing is that (per his son Tobias) the professor's demise was largely a result of medical error. It's all a bad acid trip and I want to escape but I can't.

    As to Professor Wolff's scholarship, I have nothing to say except that I profited from what I was able to read of it. His works will outlive him.

    Reply
  16. Austin Haigler

    s. wallerstein,

    The chief lesson you mention, is one that I learned from RPW as well. I heard him say it sometime during early 2016 when I was in the midst of my MA as a 25 year old (I'm 34 now). At that point, I imagine he had been reiterating it for close to five decades. It took me some years to come to terms with that insight, but it will always be among the most important takeaways I ever got from a professor, and a mentor. It is reassuring to see you mention it once more.

    Reply
  17. Richard Moran

    I'm very sorry to hear the news. I was a devoted reader of his blog for years. I did not know him personally but we did meet a couple of times. Once I rented his apartment in Paris through an ad in the NYRB. The small apt included the collected works of Marx and Engels, and those of RPW as well. On another trip, staying elsewhere, I arranged to meet him and his wife at their favorite cafe across the street. On another occasion he came to Harvard in connection with an anniversary of the Social Studies program which he helped found. I had the pleasure of being at lunch with him and his friend Charles Parsons where they talked about the old days. I will miss them both very much.

    Reply
  18. Brian Leiter

    I met Robert Paul Wolff in person only once, at a restaurant near his Paris apartment. We had a very enjoyable meal. He summed it up well on his blog: "Brian Leiter and I dined at Brasserie Balzar yesterday evening. We had a llvely time, swapping stories about the University of Chicago and people we know. No heavy philosophical discourse, just a genial dinner of two philosophers separated by a generation but united by our contempt for the man who inhabits the White House." Professor Wolff is thirty years older than me, born the same year–and in the same city, and intellectual and cultural milieu, as my own father. I think this is partly why I found his blog so fascinating: it represented a world view with which I was familiar from my own upbringing, but which I had not seen elsewhere in the wasteland that is cyberspace. Sadly, one of the most effective communicators of that view has now left us on our own.

    I was very glad, by the way, to play a role back in 2010 in giving Professor Wolff's blog (and autobiography) the larger audience it so richly deserved, as he wrote about here:
    https://robertpaulwolff.blogspot.com/2010/08/life-ends-very-last-installment-of-my.html

    I can't remember how I found his blog, but of course I knew the author from his philosophical work, and was rather astonished to find that he was now a blogger! It's probably the happiest find in cyberspace I ever made, and I know many readers share that sentiment.

    Reply
  19. Alex Rosenberg

    Robert Paul Wolff Was a man of great erudition and of a wonderful sense of humor. 60 or so years after it was published one can still recall the dedication of “kant’s theory of mental activity”. It read “ for Cindy, who laughed”. As he explained, Cindy was his wife, who laughed when he first expounded the theory of that book to her. “But Robert, nobody believes that. “

    His acerbic Appreciations of current events will be greatly missed.

    Reply
  20. s. wallerstein

    For sure. This space and that of Professor Wolff are the happiest finds I ever made.

    I look at the quality of the conversation in X and Bluesky, in English and in Spanish, and I compare them to the quality of the conversation here and in Professor Wolff's blog. Those in X and Bluesky, even those on the left, are almost without exception more tribal, less reflexive, more resentful, more predictable, less creative, more herd-like….

    Reply
  21. Richard Miller

    A few remarks about Professor Wolff.
    In 2021 I sent him birthday greetings and reminded him that I had been grad student in a moral philosophy course he taught in 1969 or so at Columbia and his reaction to my paper encouraged me to think, as Mel Brooks said in another connection, that I wasn't just an animal but had the inklings of a mind. Two days later, of course, he responded, expressing gratitude, at this stage in his life (he was 88),that he had had a positive impact on so many people. He also sent along notes he had made about the paper. I had said that he was was a foundational inspiration in my life and to the profession. The former is obvious, the latter I hope is still true.

    Two other notes: Among his many notable publications, two have not been noticed: first, an about 5 sentence letter to the NY Times endorsing some riots on anarchistic principles, and second a "syllabus", my Platonic ideal of a syllabus: a list of 5 books (you can guess which ones, a course on moral philosophy), a final exam date, a paper requirement, maybe an office hour. That's it!

    Those were difficult times at Columbia but RPW, plus a whole cadre of others, including Morgenbesser, Danto, Mothersill, Onora O'nell (in those days), Sue Larson, Jim Walsh, Charles Parsons, Kristeller, Randall, Arthur Hyman, Wollheim ( a visting professor), Richard
    Kuhns, Bernard Berofsky,…they kept (a) their scholarly ideals front and center and (b) helped as far as they could their graduate students get jobs (by among other things insisting on the dreaded field exams). You ought to be able creditably claim you can teach a lot of stuff in any department–that was the mantra.

    I was fortunate to be educated in this environment. May the memory of RPW's life be a blessing.

    Richard H Miller

    Reply
  22. Liviu D

    As someone put it, expected but very sad news.For me Professor's Wolff blog (via this blog's link) was a huge discovery, for many reasons.First,he pushed me through the final stages of writing with a genius message about what a dissertation is.Second, he gave me, and i believe to anyone, hope. Hope that you can have an active and curious mind at any age. The hope that at an age when most people disappear into the anonymity and irrelevance of retirement, you can be more relevant than ever. And the hope that you can follow your heart at any age. As we grow older across the planet, these are invaluable lessons. I'm not counting the wit and wisdom of his enchanting recollections, which enlightened many late hours of solidarity reading during my PhD and postgraduate years. And we never meet in person. May his works be long read.

    Reply
  23. John Pillette

    I’m bereft. Professor Wolff was indeed mad for teaching—why else would he, over the course of a number of years, conduct an open-air classroom where (mostly) anybody could rock up and say (mostly) whatever? And why else would he go to the trouble of making a website that embeds not just his autobiography but a number of papers and lectures, all of which I’ve re-read and re-listened to any number of times.

    As he described himself, he was an incorrigible Tigger who was never down for very long, and those of us with a tendency to Eeyore-ism need to listen, read and learn from him, especially in these trying times.

    Finally, in the context of a discussion last year he gave me the greatest compliment imaginable … he called me a “brother from another mother”!

    I miss you. RIP.

    Reply
  24. MP

    What a remarkably gifted expositor. His autobiography is simply delightful and his tutorial on the use and abuse of formal methods in philosophy is the clearest and most lucid account of rational choice theory, collective choice theory, and game theory that I have ever read. He combined deep technical mastery of these tools with an extraordinary perception of their limits, the places where they rest on contestable, ideological premises. This tutorial is in my view simply essential reading for a full understanding of the power and limits of these formal methods.

    A few – of many more – smaller, but equally extraordinary, examples of his exegetical capabilities:

    1. His "The Study of Society – a reply to [who else but] Luke's Mother" series from 2010 (first part starts here: https://robertpaulwolff.blogspot.com/2010/10/study-of-society-response-to-lukes.html);

    2. His mini-tutorial on Marcuse's One-Dimensional Man, especially part 3 where he explains the concept of repressive desublimation (see https://robertpaulwolff.blogspot.com/2011/10/one-dimensional-man-mini-tutorial-part_18.html);

    3. His micro-tutorial on Durkheim's On Suicide, especially, again, part 3 where he explains how "the social precedes the individual" (see https://robertpaulwolff.blogspot.com/2011/12/durkheims-suicide-micro-tutorial-part_12.html); and

    4. Last, his analysis of irony which has stuck with me as a wonderful explication of the concept: " Irony is a mode of discourse that presupposes a double audience: the Apparent Audience, which mistakenly thinks that it is the intended recipient of the utterance, and a Real Audience. The utterance has two meanings, but what distinguishes irony from mere ambiguity is that whereas the Apparent Audience understands only the apparent or superficial meaning, the Real Audience understands both the apparent and the real meanings, and knows that the Apparent Audience mistakes the apparent for the real meaning. Thus, in a sense, the ironic utterance is a private joke between the speaker and the Real Audience at the expense of the Apparent Audience" (https://robertpaulwolff.blogspot.com/2018/12/irony.html).

    And he was a masterful ironist. Ave atque vale.

    Reply
  25. Robert Howell

    Bob Wolff's Kant's Theory of Mental Activity is one of the best Kant commentaries of the past 75 or more years. It's fluent, erudite, focuses on fundamentals, and it remains full of insights about Kant's theory of synthesis. Wolff encouraged me and my own work (which often disagreed with his) over the years, in detailed and time-consuming ways, and I know that he did the same for many others working on Kant and in many other areas. This while also doing his teaching and his own writing. His work on Marx and in social and political philosophy is vivid, to the point, and motivated by his desire to further human liberation. He couldn't stop thinking and arguing, and that has benefited everyone else. Read his blog and remember his spirit! May others more qualified than I say more.

    Reply
  26. Dean C. Rowan

    The letter to the editor appeared in the July 30, 1967 NYT.

    To the Editor:

    The men who founded this nation believed that when a people were oppressed, and their pleas for justice were ignored, and they were denied all redress for their legitimate grievances, then that people had a moral right to rise up against their government and throw off its yoke. The Negro ghetto dwellers of this nation are oppressed; their pleas for justice have been ignored; the Congress of the United States mocks their misery; their peaceful demonstrations make no change in the oppression.

    The conclusion is obvious and inescapable: American Negroes have as much right to rebel now as the patriots of 1776 had then.

    Can anyone maintain that the British rule was more oppressive than that of the modern slum? Are Stokely Carmichael's speeches more inflammatory than those of Patrick Henry.

    The tragedy of the riots is not that they are happening, but that they will fail. For unlike the patriots of Colonial America, today's oppressed Negroes are a minority, without a genuine chance to free themselves as the colonies once did. Until the injustice of the ghetto is eliminated, the American Government is illegitimate, and no decent man has a moral obligation to obey it.

    ROBERT PAUL WOLFF
    Associate Professor of Philosophy
    Columbia University
    New York, July 25, 1967

    Reply
  27. Tony Couture

    I got to know R.P. Wolff indirectly through reading his fascinating blog experiment, The Philosopher's Stone for many years, including both just reading it and then commenting on it. The Philosopher's Stone is highly organized for future readers who missed it, and it is really a meta-blog or philosophical thought experiment with the new medium. It could have been titled How to Write Like a True Philosopher. He was obsessed with high quality philosophical writing and I have used "How to Write a Philosophy Paper," an appendix to his textbook About Philosophy as a basic recipe for my students to follow if they can. Blogging tested his writing practices due to trolls and the job of finding something surprising or fresh to say everyday to sustain attention but it also manifested parrhesia. I have taught In defense of Anarchism in my Radical Philosophy course many times and argue that it is a strange ideal theory of anarchism which is almost quasi-Rawlsian, but also foreshadows a practical form of anarchism. The primacy of the practice of anarchism is manifested in his life because there is clear de-centralization of his philosophical interests and liberation from the ideologies that rule over mainstream liberal philosophers such as Rawls through his fetishization of the jargon of the American legalism. Oh yes, one more thing, RPW was very proud of how much more concise and free his books were than other philosophers who had to write a treatise length argument to make their point reasonable. He could do as much and more forcefully with comedy and literature woven into his narrative. Along with Noam Chomsky, RPW made radical philosophy reasonable and this legacy is relevant to a wider deliberative democracy crisis where public reason appears to be usurped by new obstacles to justice, peace and mutual understanding.

    Reply
  28. Richard Miller

    Thanks for finding this! It's RPW in full voice.
    Rick Miller

    Reply
  29. Rob Hughes

    Wolff's book In Defense of Anarchism deeply influenced my thinking about the duty to obey the law. I read Wolff's blog regularly for well over a decade. I will miss reading it.

    I really like the idea of putting together a selection of Wolff's best blog posts. One standout series, for me, was his short story "The Pimple on Adonis' Nose," first presented as a talk at UNC Chapel Hill with the title "Some Thoughts on the Distribution of Educational Resources in the United States Today."

    https://robertpaulwolff.blogspot.com/2014/03/the-pimple-on-adonis-nose.html
    https://robertpaulwolff.blogspot.com/2014/03/the-pinple-on-adonis-nose-part-two.html
    https://robertpaulwolff.blogspot.com/2014/03/the-pimple-on-adonis-nose-conclusion.html
    https://robertpaulwolff.blogspot.com/2014/03/discussion-of-pimple-on-adonis-nose.html

    Wolff was featured in an episode of Existential Comics (in a dialogue with John Rawls): https://existentialcomics.com/comic/350

    Reply
  30. Phil Gasper

    UMass obituary:

    https://www.umass.edu/news/article/memoriam-robert-paul-wolff

    Reply
  31. Leigh

    He said those very same words to me, in person, in Paris, in 2013, after reading my thesis.

    RIP Prof Wolff

    Reply
  32. Mark Richard

    Oh no; I just stumbled on the notice about RPW's death. I went to UMass for graduate school; my intention was to work with him on political philosophy, which I did until I was seduced by phil language and linguistics. Wolff was wonderful to students, not so much to colleagues with whom he went head to head. He was intellectually generous and fun to work with –Wolff, Terry Parsons, and I had a reading group where we worked through a lot of Luce and Raiffa's _Games and Decisions_; it was, well, fun. Goodbye RPW.

    Mark Richard

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