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Most important Anglophone epistemologists since 1945, the results

So with not quite 400 votes in the poll, here are the "top 26" (after #26, rather than #20, there was a bigger drop-off in the votes):

1. W.V.O. Quine  (Condorcet winner: wins contests with all other choices)
2. Alvin Goldman  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 131–100
3. Roderick Chisholm  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 145–90, loses to Alvin Goldman by 117–90
4. Wilfrid Sellars  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 142–80, loses to Roderick Chisholm by 110–106
5. Timothy Williamson  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 148–100, loses to Wilfrid Sellars by 122–118
6. Ernest Sosa  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 152–95, loses to Timothy Williamson by 123–107
7. Tied:
Fred Dretske  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 156–78, loses to Ernest Sosa by 121–90
Edmund Gettier  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 160–78, loses to Ernest Sosa by 114–105
9. Donald Davidson  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 158–53, loses to Fred Dretske by 120–93
10. William Alston  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 164–70, loses to Donald Davidson by 99–96
11. Tied:
Laurence BonJour  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 164–64, loses to William Alston by 88–82
Nelson Goodman  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 163–50, loses to William Alston by 98–96
13. Robert Nozick  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 169–52, loses to Laurence BonJour by 102–90
14. Gilbert Harman  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 176–41, loses to Robert Nozick by 94–90
15. John McDowell  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 168–58, loses to Gilbert Harman by 95–89
16. Tyler Burge  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 170–49, loses to John McDowell by 91–88
17. Alvin Plantinga  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 173–62, loses to Tyler Burge by 99–73
18. Barry Stroud  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 173–39, loses to Alvin Plantinga by 95–78
19. Keith Lehrer  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 175–42, loses to Barry Stroud by 81–78
20. Crispin Wright  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 183–34, loses to Keith Lehrer by 84–76
21. Keith DeRose  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 179–41, loses to Crispin Wright by 82–78
22. Robert Audi  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 176–42, loses to Keith DeRose by 81–72
23. David Armstrong  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 179–28, loses to Robert Audi by 70–67
24. Paul Boghossian  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 179–40, loses to David Armstrong by 74–66
25. Richard Feldman  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 175–47, loses to Paul Boghossian by 75–72
26. Philip Kitcher  loses to W.V.O. Quine by 176–33, loses to Richard Feldman by 74–72

 Hilary Kornblith, Susan Haack, and Richard Jeffrey were not that far off the "top 26." 

As with the earlier poll on moral & political philosophers, the poll has mainly sociological–and only partly philosophical–interest.  On the one hand, it seems to me clearly right that Alvin Goldman is the preeminent living epistemologist, though I, personally, would have ranked him ahead of Quine, whose strong showing can't be based on the wide influence of his conception of "naturalized epistemology" except as a target that others attack!  The strong showing of Chisholm, Sellars, Sosa, Williamson, Gettier, and Dretske is also what I would have, more or less, expected.  After that, I'm too uninformed to have a strong view either way. 

Alas, there were some omissions from the pool.  Carnap's contributions to what is now known as formal epistemology were in the post-WWII period (I failed to realize that), though in general poll responents didn't favor formal epistemology (Jeffrey got the most votes, and did not make the "top 26").  The youthful-looking John Hawthorne is, in fact, over 50, and he likely would have made the top 20 had he been included.  (Yale's Keith DeRose did the best of younger philosophers over 50 included in the poll.)  A couple of readers pointed out that David Lewis's "Elusive Knowledge" was an important paper in stimulating contextualism, and that he also wrote significant papers for the development of formal epistemology.  This is indeed true, but it is fair to say that Lewis was not "primarily" an epistemologist, and there is always a risk that "David Lewis" (like "W.V.O. Quine" perhaps) would simply rise to the top in virtue of his singular importance in Anglophone philosophy of the post-war period.

Comments are open for comments on the sociological and philosophical aspects of the results.  

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15 responses to “Most important Anglophone epistemologists since 1945, the results”

  1. Pleasantly surprised that Chisholm is ranked quite so high.

    I don't think that Davidson's epistemology is really that influential these days (for better or worse). And Goodman – though he gave us the 'New Riddle of Induction'and is clearly a heavyweight of the C20th – was not 'primarily' an epistemologist any more than Lewis was.

    Personally, I think that Crispin Wright is a bit under-valued here: I would rate his contributions to current epistemology as fairly clearly above, Lehrer, Plantinga, Burge or Harman. (Both in terms of actual influence and in terms of philosophical value/merit).

  2. I don't think there is any serious question that Chisholm was the leading epistemologist of the 20th century. He is responsible for modern research programs into foundationalism/coherentism and internalism/externalism, not to mention the adverbial theory of perceiving, the problem of the criterion, and a bunch of other things. And his influence on others is unparalleled: #6 Sosa and #19 Lehrer learned epistemology from Chisholm, as did scores of others.

  3. I think it's apt to see Quine as a preeminent epistemologist (although he's more prominently a philosopher of language). His naturalized epistemology not only prepared the scene for Goldman's reliabilism, but also the "web of belief" inspired much anti-foundationalism and contemporary coherentism.

  4. Another omission: Saul Kripke. The a priori is a central topic in epistemology, and it's hard to think of a philosopher who has been more influential on that topic than Kripke. There's also his influential though until recently unpublished discussion of the surprise exam puzzle, and a few other things, but I would have thought that, just in virtue of the influence of Naming and Necessity on contemporary discussions of the a priori, Kripke would belong on the list.

    Of course, like Lewis, Kripke isn't "primarily" an epistemologist, but neither are, for example, Williamson (out of his five books only one is a work of epistemology), Hawthorne (who you think should have been included–but out of his I don't-know-how-many books just one is a work of epistemology), or Burge (although his work in epistemology is well known, his work in the philosophy of mind is probably even better known).

    BL COMMENT: I would have thought of N&N as a contribution to philosophy of language and metaphysics, not epistemology. Williamson's most discussed work actually has been the epistemology book. But how one draws the lines is obviously contestable.

  5. Isn't Stalnaker an obvious omission?

  6. Kripke may not be primarily an epistemologist, but his contribution to epistemology in N&N overshadows most other recent philosophers' contributions to epistemology (even if that book was even more influential in language and metaphysics).

    Stalnaker, Hintikka, and Austin are other pretty striking omissions.

  7. Linda Zagzebski?? Her book _Virtues of the Mind_ has over 1000 citations — and she'd be in my personal top ten for sure (for that, and for her terrific paper on the inescapability of Gettier problems). Plus her most recent work on epistemic authority, testimony and trust continues to be very interesting.

    BL COMMENT: She was included in the survey, but did not make the "top 26" in the voting.

  8. Would have thought Gettier would have cracked the top 3, at least.

  9. Is it correct that not a single woman made the top 26? I, for one, find that surprising from both a sociological and philosophical (as a profession) standpoint.

  10. I don't participate in these polls, but I was shocked that Richard Jeffrey was only "not far off the top 26" and even more shocked that isaac Levi was not given even that "honorable mention."

    It appears that many of your voters don't consider what is now called formal epistemology to be real epistemology.

  11. It really is amazing how Gettier's influence and import flies so high (And I don't use that 'amazing' in any loaded sense whatsoever).

  12. epistemologist of sorts

    Quine, Goldman and Gettier seem right to me. They deserve to be ranked high on such a list. I am a bit surprised by the high ranking of Chisholm. Of course he influenced the field, but his approach seems to have held us back a long time. I also think that Bonjour, Stroud, and Audi deserve to be higher on the list. It is a shame that a few feminist epistemologists, Longino and Harding, for example, were not included in the poll. They may not have made the top 25 cut, but their influence on an important aspect of contemporary epistemology is undeniable.

    BL COMMENT: I had tended to think of Longino as in the philosophy of science "cubby hole," but I see your point.

  13. I missed Louise Antony and Tamar Gendler. It may be worth noting that Paul Snowdon, who's done important work in the philosophy of mind and metaphysics, doesn't even count epistemology as an AOS. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/people/paul-snowdon

    BL COMMENT: Many epistemologists seem to treat perception as part of epistemology, hence Snowdon. I had assumed Gendler, like Hawthorne, was younger than 50, was that wrong?

  14. Actually Tamar is over 50. Just barely, like John, but she is.

  15. If perception counts as epistemology, then Byrne should have been on the list (and indeed even if perception doesn't count, although that's probably an idiosyncratic opinion.)

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