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    The McMaster Department of Philosophy has now put together the following notice commemorating Barry: Barry Allen: A Philosophical Life Barry…

“Western philosophy” and “Eastern philosophy”

A philosopher at a liberal arts college writes:

I’m writing to suggest a topic for a possible blog discussion that may be of potential interest to your readers. 

At my college I have proposed the creation of a new 100-level course entitled Ancient Wisdom: East & West, whose course description reads:

"An introductory exploration of ancient classics of Western and Eastern Philosophy. Topics to be explored include accounts of personhood and the self, definitions of happiness, the nature of right and wrong, and the place of humanity within the larger universe. Readings will be drawn from Greek sources such as Plato, Aristotle, the Epicureans, and the Stoics; Indian sources such as the Upanishads, Vedanta, and the Buddha; and Chinese sources such as Confucianism, Daoism, and Mohism."

My proposal got rejected in its current form by my school’s Curriculum Committee. In describing their objections, they wrote,

"The committee has concerns that, with the way the course is presented here, the title and/or content of the course might be seen as reiterating problematic distinctions between 'the West' and 'the East.'  Also, the two traditions seem to be presented in a comparative way, but the rationale does not address the reasons behind this.  If this was an intention of the course, the revised rationale needs to provide pedagogical support for these distinctions and juxtapositions. The committee also recommended consideration of a modified course title that does not include such distinctions."     

My rationale for the course in the proposal was admittedly brief, since the course seemed to me an obviously welcome addition to our curriculum.  The rationale read,

"Our department is in need of more non-Western philosophy courses. The proposed course will allow students to explore ancient classics in Western and Eastern Philosophy, with the course spending one-third of its time on Greek Philosophy, one-third on Indian Philosophy, and one-third on Chinese Philosophy.  Given the introductory nature of the course, it is offered at the 100-level and requires no prerequisite knowledge."

I’m confident that with a fuller rationale, and with a title change (Ancient Wisdom in Global Philosophy, perhaps?) the course will ultimately get accepted at my college. Reflecting on this case, I do see how general labels such as “the West” and “the East” might be thought by many to be unduly homogenizing, and maybe that does indeed suggest that I ought to think of a title other than “Ancient Wisdom: East and West.” Do your readers agree? 

Moreover, I’m curious whether any such unease with a general East/West distinction also extends nowadays to labels such as “Western Philosophy” and “Eastern Philosophy.” Are these labels now widely considered “problematic” and hence, as better discontinued (in favor, say, of “Asian Philosophy” instead of “Eastern Philosophy,” or maybe “East Asian Philosophy” and “South Asian Philosophy,” or even “Indian Philosophy,” “Chinese Philosophy,” “Japanese Philosophy,” etc.)

Comments are open for reader feedback.

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17 responses to ““Western philosophy” and “Eastern philosophy””

  1. I teach in a Chinese-speaking environment in East Asia. The distinction is not considered problematic out here. I am out of touch with what is considered problematic in North America these days (where I presume you teach), and I am often too afraid to ask. Maybe just "Ancient Philosophies: Greece, India, China"? Or "Ancient Wisdom: Greece, India, China"? In any event, it is more precisely descriptive of the content you propose to teach, since "the East" likely refers to more than India and China and "the West" to more than Greece.

  2. emeritus professor

    Just call it "Ancient Wisdom."

  3. An innocent question: What's wrong with simply "Ancient Philosophy" or "Ancient Wisdom"?

    As someone (non-American) who's quite allergic to the politically correctness madness, I never understood why it's important what's the ethnic origin of the speaker. In the same way that I don't understand why I as a non-native-American (say) cannot be (say) a historian of native-American culture, I also don't see a reason to refer to contemporary analytic philosophy (say) as "western". It does not by any way belongs to Westerners any more than modern science is, and some "non-western" philosophers and scientists already made very important and widely acknowledged contributions. On the same token, I don't see why "ancient wisdom" need automatically be interpreted as "ancient western wisdom".

    I can see how the historical context can help understand philosopher X or philosopher Y, so the time and place where the work was written can be important in the context of discussing the work, but I don't see why it's important for the rationale of the course.

    If you think there is a separate rationale to focus on "ancient" works, but think that among the ancient works there are works from all around the world, simply teach works from all around the world.

  4. Anonymous Scholar in the Field

    I work on both Indian and Greek philosophy, and it my sense that "Eastern" has fallen of favor, and that, at least in part, the reason for its falling out of favor is that it is seen, as OP muses, as unduly homogenizing.

    I was in a graduate seminar on a topic in Buddhist philosophy at non other than Brian's U Chicago when a student was instructed by the professor not to use the term "Eastern philosophy."

    "Eastern" is thought unduly homogenizing in part because in the "classical" (i.e., "Warring states" or “pre-Qin”) period of Chinese philosophy, there is no real evidence of Sino-Indian philosophical transmission. There is, of course, later influence, especially w/r/t Buddhism. (Interestingly, there would be some later revisionist history in this regard, with a 4th century CE text titled *Taishang lingbao Laozi huahu miaojing [Wondrous Scripture on Laozi’s Conversion of the Barbarians from the Great High Numinous Treasure]* telling a story of how Laozi traversed the Himalayas and taught what would come to be known as Buddhism, on which see David C. Yuet al., History of Chinese Daoism (2000), vol. 1, pp. 380–381.) Similarly, there is little-to-no evidence of Greco-Indian influence (save perhaps a tantalizing potential connection between Pyrrhonian skepticism and the Mādhyamika Buddhism of Nāgārjuna, but cf. David H. Sick's "When Socrates Met the Buddha: Greek and Indian Dialectic in Hellenistic Bactria and India" [2007]). So if one is not going to lump India and China together, why not lump India and Greece together, too?

    To my ears, "Eastern" sounds outdated in much the same way, but not quite to the degree, that "Oriental" does. Yet note that the term "Oriental" has not fallen totally out of use. There is still a "Journal of Oriental Studies" and an "Oriental Institute" on Brian's very own U Chicago campus. Similarly, one of the major venues for publishing on Asian philosophy is "Philosophy and West," and there is a panel at the 2023 APA Central on "Perspectives on Self and God: East and West."

    Much more in favor are the specific geographical designations OP offers at the end of their post: "Asian," "Indian," etc. This is confirmed by perusing the program for the very same APA Central meeting, and it is also confirmed by job-listings on PhilJobs.

    I think there are several other reasons folks shy away from "Eastern" and related locutions. These include:

    -"East/West" is often taken as exhaustive (even if it is not so intended), thereby leaving out, e.g., much of Africa and Latin America.
    -"East" itself is often taken to comprise just India, China, and Japan (even if it is not so intended), thereby leaving out philosophy from other parts of Asia.
    -The contrast term "West" is geographically inapt (e.g., Australia and South Africa are "Western"). By the by, I am inclined to think "Non-Western" is the best catch-all for philosophy not part of, or stemming from, philosophy in Europe, but this requires "Western" to be understood not simply as a geographical designation, but also as a historico-political one.
    -The contrast term "West" is often put to nefarious ends by right leaning "pundits" ("pundit" ironically being a term originating in India!)—e.g., Tucker Carlson often rails against attacks on "Western civilization."
    -There might be something like a "euphemism treadmill" going on.

    Finally, regarding the OP's committee's concern about the comparative framing, I find that this is an especially prevalent concern outside of analytic philosophy. A nice piece treating some of the issues involved is Wilhelm Halbfass's "Research and Reflection: Responses to my Respondents" in *Beyond Orientalism*, ed Eli Franco and Karin Preisendanz (1997).

  5. How about "World philosophies"/"World philosophy"?

    Though I don't personally have a problem with the Eastern/Western philosophy distinction (*Philosophy East and West*, anyone?), I can see where the committee is coming from. If the goal is to diversify the philosophical canon as it is commonly taught in Anglophone institutions, then I think it makes sense to just include "Eastern" ("non-Western"?) philosophers/philosophies in the course without calling any special attention to their "Eastern-ness".

    I think the way you organized the course by topics (as opposed to, e.g., figures) should be an excellent medium for this kind of inclusivity. The Confucians and Mohists have lots to say about right and wrong—no need to single out their geography in the course title.

    Great course!

  6. "Global" is a no-go, unless you want to state that absolutely nothing of any philosophical merit was written or thought outside of those three geographical areas prior to the modern period (and if you do, good luck).

    Perhaps "Classics of Ancient Philosophy: Greece, India, China" would be acceptable, but I suspect there would still be queries about your failure to interrogate or destabilise the notion of the 'classic', or of 'ancient philosophy' for that matter (even though arguably you're doing precisely that by confining the Greeks to 1/3 of the unit).

  7. westerner in the east

    To add to assistant prof: I teach in India, I haven't noticed anyone object to the distinction between Western and Eastern Philosophy in general (and it's used in our distribution requirements). Any broad distinction like this will leave out important differences, e.g. between Chinese and Indian traditions (and even those terms refer to a number of quite distinct traditions). It is also true that some traditions have connections in other locations, particularly with respect to Buddhist philosophy. But I suppose all of that is true of labels like "analytical" and "continental"…

    For what it's worth, a very nice connection point between Indian and European philosophy is the idea of a skeptical way of life, which Pyrrho imported from India, was developed further in Europe, and then finds its way back to Nagarjuna. I think it's an excellent way of making the point in teaching that all these traditions can speak to related questions.

  8. Resonating with Comments #s1-3, I taught for several years (15-20 years ago) a lower-division undergraduate class that I simply called 'Ancient Ethics'. I spent a week or two on selections of each of the following (not in this order): Plato, Aristotle, Sophocles, Jesus (the Beatitudes), Paul, the Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama), Confucius, Laozi. The issue of 'East/West' never arose that I can recall, either from administrators or from students. Since the contents are part of what any educated person should know, the class is self-justifying. Whether this class would be okay with the contemporary diversity bureaucrats, I have no idea.

  9. A wonderful proposal. You should be congratulated. If I was on the Curriculum Committee, I would have been enthusiastically in favour, though I would have pressed for some small changes.

    Speaking as somebody native to in India, and born and raised there, I prefer terms that don't (in the context they are used) assimilate me to others, where relevant differences are lost. I never like to be called Eastern or Oriental, and only in very specific contexts am I okay with "Asian." But your title and description need only tiny changes to satisfy me. As suggested by others, why not amend the title to Ancient Wisdom period? And change the first sentence of the title to: "An introductory exploration of ancient philosophical classics from different cultures/countries."

    As well, you might want to amend the last sentence of the description to permit future instructors to include classics from Ghana, the Bantu peoples, Egypt, Japan, Rome, etc. I think this could be done by changing 'will be drawn from' to 'may, for example, be drawn from' and at the end of the sentence, add something like "or other ancient sources from . . . "

  10. Is this a parody?

  11. Is this a parody? Well, to add to the fun, I think "ancient" should go, as it it timeist, and it suggests that the philosophy involved is past its use by date!

  12. Anonymous comment #4 seems nuanced and to the point as do some of the others that follow on. The homogenization of the non-Western will not be received well by many people who are cognizant of the variety in non-Western philosophy. Perhaps 'Western Philosophy and non-Western Alternatives' or some such title?

  13. One reason I tend not to use the "Western"/"Eastern" contrast (not sure it's a good one) is that, if you want to ignore the political overtones of the contrast (esp. with various supremacy movements), and if you're doubtful that there's a coherent story to be told about there being a "Western" tradition, it's tempting to read it as marking a geographical distinction. But, relative to the US at least, Greece would be eastern and China would be western. That's obtuse of course, because the intended geographical origin is typically somewhere in the Middle East. But, for me, the reasons for not liking the B.C./A.D. distinction are also reasons for not liking the Western/Eastern distinction.

    Another reason I tend not to use "Western philosophy" to refer to traditions from Europe (and some of its former colonies) is that "Western" also has come to have some connotations that are not meant to be endorsed in the course title. (Fwiw, I sometimes also find myself balking at "European philosophy," since the typical referent for this seems to omit significant traditions from Europe (e.g., Byzantium, Islam).

    Minor comment: when the course description says that readings will be drawn from "Indian sources such as … the Buddha", why not say "Buddhism" instead? (Texts from the tripitaka often begin "Thus I have heard" and report dialogue ascribed to the Buddha, but we don't consider Socrates as a source for Plato's dialogues.) If the concern is to not make the Greek sources the only ones that mention individuals, maybe a better solution would be to replace "Plato, Aristotle" with "Platonism, Aristotelianism"?

  14. Any label is homogenizing since all labels refer to a class of disparate things by reference to the one feature they have in common.

  15. It's probably simpler to just go with 'Ancient Wisdom' and not draw comparisons (though Persia and Egypt also had a lot of 'wisdom', most of it non-philosophical, so you'd have to come up with a rationale for excluding them or else make your course ridiculously broad).
    If you wanted to compare: China, Greece, the Stoics, and St. Augustine all have deep moral and political philosophies that would be interesting to compare. China and India share a major interest in 'spiritual'
    philosophy that could be compared with Western philosophers/theologians such as Augustine and Aquinas, though I'm not sure if the latter two would make it onto a 100 survey course on their own. BTW, as far as the 'Western' label goes, almost everyone forgets that Augustine was African!

  16. Grad Student Oxford

    To me, the title would suggest that the course is looking at the western and eastern traditions in a comparative way, highlighting parallels and differences, which definitely draws my attention. I have completed many courses in either tradition, but always had to look at them comparatively by myself, i.e. without guidance. I find differences and parallels in cultures fascinating and I think most people could, would, and should benefit from learning about them.

    Now, here's my absolutely personal take; my initial and abiding reaction to what I read: The committee's reasoning behind their decision is absolutely unacceptable. It felt like we can only ever talk about differences when we agree that there are basically none to speak of. Their reasoning does not do justice to the vast cultural and traditional differences around the world, and it does not hold up to acedemic standard. I have never seen or heard of such a strange decision by an academic committee, and I feel a little ashamed about academia when I read it.

  17. The objections to this title seem to me (a non-academic) to be probably right, but also pretty silly. But whatever, life's too short; just rename the proposed course.

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